The results have practical ramifications on managing this economically important pest on wheat production with reduced insecticide applications. miscanthi might also increase the number of winged morphs under both of the above treatments. miscanthi might reduce their fitness in response to the predation risk of caged prey. miscanthi could respond to the predation risk of caged predators by either accelerating the developmental rate or reducing the net reproductive rate, while S.
miscanthi) treatments by employing the age-stage, two-sex life table. We examined the NCEs of the predator Coccinella septempunctata on the life-history traits and population growth of Sitobion miscanthi via caged predator (i.e., S.
However, how the NCEs of predators affect the development, survival, fecundity, and population growth of prey has not been well documented, which is the primary consideration for the compatibility of prey with its natural enemies in agricultural ecosystems. In general, NCEs are considered common and can affect herbivores sometimes stronger than the direct consumptive effects. Changes in prey biology driven by predation threats that do not involve direct consumption are referred to as non-consumptive effects (NCEs).
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